AQP4 is mainly distributed in astrocytes, ependyma, and choroid plexus in the brain. Potential factors affecting the clearance efficiency of the glymphatic system include molecular size, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression, localization, and. The timely and effective promotion of the glymphatic system may possess therapeutic effects against AD. Impairment of the glymphatic system in AD can lead to amyloid plaque formation and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Recent studies found that the glymphatic system is also an essential pathway for A β clearance in the brain. However, promoting blood-brain barrier permeability is dangerous. Blood-brain barrier mediates A β clearance through several receptors and transporters, such as the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). A β accumulates in humans several decades before symptoms of AD appear.
#Identify the locations of the major body fluid compartments series
Impaired amyloid- β (A β) clearance is the leading cause of A β deposition in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and causes a series of pathological changes. It provided new insight into the clinical prevention and treatment of A β deposition-related diseases. In addition, the accelerated glymphatic pathway reduced A β deposition and enhanced spatial memory cognition. The results demonstrated that CTBS could increase glymphatic fluid transport, especially CSF and ISF exchange, mediated by improved AQP4 polarization. This study explored the regulatory effects of continuous theta-burst stimulation (CTBS) on the glymphatic system in APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice with two-photon imaging. Regulation of glymphatic fluid transport may be a critical target for AD therapy. Glymphatic system dysfunction plays an essential role in the occurrence and progression of AD. This system promotes the drainage of interstitial fluid (ISF) in the parenchyma and removes metabolic waste, including A β, in the brain. Glymphatic fluid transport mainly consists of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) entering the brain from the paravascular space (PVS) by penetrating arteries and CSF and interstitial fluid exchanging mediated by aquaporin-4 (AQP4). Recently, studies have found that the glymphatic system performs similar functions to the peripheral lymphatic system. Amyloid- β (A β) deposition plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and impaired A β clearance is the leading cause of A β deposition.
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